EDUCATION: All we have some ideas about the meaning of education. Some can easily reach the dictionary definition of education that is the process of teaching students especially in a school. But, we are seeking extreme definition than superficial one. According to ancient philosophers, education is a kind of training method that is composed of several distinct patterns. These patterns regulate prominent daily behaviour as much as the secret of life. Therefore, they emphasis the importance of head to head studying. So, instructors could conveniently transfer their knowledge to young people. They believe that education is the way to transfer from someone who has extensive experiences and knowledge to someone who lacks these experiences.

BULLYING: Specific definition of bullying is to deliberately intimidate someone who is thought weak. Bullying concept has come out our education agenda in recent years. Because, many educators think that bullying weak students trigger unwanted incidents in the school. Even if a few criminal events happened, bullying has caused deep painful in memory of fragile youth. Therefore, preventing bullying is social responsibility than induvidual problem.

TERRORISM: Terrorism which means the unauthorized use of violence and intimidation in the pursuit of political aims carries extensive and complex meaning in contemporary world. In the world, we face the fact that living variety race, nation and culture want to implement their own rules and beliefs. Goverment and state idea is based on sovereign that provide peace in counties and cities. It is believed that if there is no soverign authority, There would be anarchy. But, the question is who establish the states and regulate the rules. The minority that has dictinct belief system and religious would not want to share the belief system of power. And, the soverign holding the power and gun would try to enforce their rules. If minority doesn't obey the rules, there would be two options in front of the goverment. They would accept their right or persuade them using violence. And, if they oppose the goverment, they are called terrorist.

SUMMARY OF "A CAPACITY FOR JOY"

Play in animals has not only a prominent role to train them for adapting habitat, but also it helps them improve their collective and physical capacities. Behaviors of African and Indian Animals observed in studies show that play seems to be both a sign and a source of joy. Some animals try to imitate human acts while playing, like Norma, but most pursuit their instinct such as Alaska Buffalo. A group of captive animals like dolphins enjoy playing objects that turn them competitive creatures. Many animals are liable to play with another animals and human being. Dogs prefer play human who comprehends their motivation rather than other animals.

Outline of a capacity for Joy

1- The importance of play in Animals
a) Training for improvement
b) Behaviors of African and Indian Animals using in studies
2- Playing by oneself
c) Norma’s unsuccessful swinging attempt
d) Alaska Buffalo’s skiing
3- Playing others or an object
a) Playing for communication
b) Play rules taught by guard
c) Using Competition in Dolphin Training
4-Play of distinct species
a)The fetching stick of dogs
b)Attitude of dogs

SUMMARY OF COLUMBINE HS MASSACRE

The article about Columbine High School Massacre narrates a story that two insulted students, Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, realized a fatal attack to Columbine High School in April 1999. The article indicated that they killed 12 students and a teacher, they wounded 23 students and afterward they committed suicide during that catastrophic attack.

The story tells after incident many authorities sought the reasons of Columbine Massacre and they compared this incident to the others which happened in history. According to the article, most tends to blame the jurisdiction and legislation about guns, film, music, video game industry including violence and teachers who condone bullying.

Modifying Resumptive-Summative-Free

1-R; education that will change our modern prospect.
S; a change in education system that would confuse teacher's and student's mind. OR a change that seemed unlikely argued ten years ago.
F; researching this decision in many ways.
2-R; requirements that are demanded by automobile regulators.
S; a challenge that has caused to increase car prices.
F; limiting their profits for drivers safety.
3- R; insecurity that influenced people's confident adversely.
S; a failure that stimulated depressive people committing suicide.
F; losing all assets that they gained by working for many years.
4- R; the puzzle that is not solved in spite of many alchemist's working.
S; a mystery that made people working in cosmetics sector millioner.
F; seeming expect to be solved further
5- R; these issues that probably will be ignored by parents who want to have a baby.
S; an event that generated new age in the medical history.
F; confusing some family thought that the baby would be different than the one borned natural.

Average Daily Use Of D.C. Metro

This graph describes the daily use of D.C. Metro in the rush time known as 8.00 A.M. and 6.00 P.M. The graph indicates that average daily use of D.C. Metro gradually reaches a peak at 400 passengers from 6.00 A.M. to 8.00 P.M. Subsequently, numbers of passenger dramatically plummets to below 200 till 10.00 A.M. After 10 A.M., average numbers of use of Metro increases a little until 12.00 P.M. Then, number of commuters remains steady from 12.00 P.M to 2.00 P.M and noticeably plunges at 100 between 2.00 P.M. and 4.00 P.M. and again, it sharply go up at 400 passengers until 6.00 P.M. Finally, from 6.00 P.M. to 8.00 P.M., average daily use of Metro considerably falls at 100 passengers, and remains steady until 10.00 P.M.

CITATION

1-Clifford, E. H. (2008). Classroom discipline and management (5th ed.). Hoboken, NJ : John Wiley & Sons

2-Campbell, J. (2007). Anticipating and managing crime, crisis and violence in our schools : a practical guide. Youngstown, N.Y: Cambria Press

3- A Directory of resources for school safety and violence prevention: Richmond, Va.:Virginia Dept. of Education, 1997

Verbs and expressions that are used to refer to other people’s ideas

Genetic Engineering and the Patenting of Life

Many religious traditions say that Life is a gift from God, given freely for the benefit of all, and not to be owned by individuals or groups. Many scientists also say it is wrong to patent Life. They assert that genes belong to the whole human race. In 2000 the presidents of the Royal Society of London and the National Academy of Sciences in the US stressed that "the human genome itself must be freely available to all humankind." The Pope says, "Because it is a gift, life can never be regarded as a possession or as private property." And last year it was reported that GE canola, corn and soy were found growing near ports in Japan, presumably as a result of spillage from trucks. The GE potatoes and GE corn just mentioned are meant to reduce the need for pesticide. for example, use a potent cocktail of different chemicals, including 2-4,D and, it is thought, Paraquat. Scientists are thinking about genetically engineering human genes into the brains of mice. The biotechnology industry claims that genetic engineering is just like traditional breeding, i.e., GE plants are substantially equivalent to non-GE plants and, therefore, that they do not need any extra regulation.There are indications that they may not be safe. An English scientist reported that rats fed GE potatoes developed cancerous tumors. Secret memoranda from the FDA reveal that the agency ignored warnings from its own senior scientists who pointed out that GE is risky. Monsanto president has been quoted as saying "Safety is the Government's responsibility." Thinking that this gene might be useful to prevent or treat HIV, the institute patented the gene, without telling the man and without including him among the patent owners. The World Medical Association declared patenting life forms unethical in 1998 - because such patenting is aimed at maximizing profits rather than making treatment available to patients. The WMA believes that doctors have an ethical obligation to share skills and knowledge with colleagues. Some people believe that the human race will become two tiered: a small number of superhumans presiding over the old humans who will be reduced to doing menial work for the supermen and superwomen. Scientists used to believe that each gene had only one function. But then they discovered that while a dog cell has 39 pairs of chromosomes, a human cell has only 23 pairs. Scientists had thought thought that as humans are more complex and do more things, human cells would have more pairs of chromosomes. So scientists now believe a gene may have more than one function, i.e. may affect more than one trait; and multiple genes affect one trait. One strategy the proponents have come up with is the idea that GE food is needed to feed the hungry.The United Nations Food Programme reports that there is enough food produced worldwide to feed everyone one and a half times over.This means that 'inventors' in the US can claim what they have created as 'novel' even though the product may have been patented elsewhere.

Democracy is caused by Tax

Goverments sometimes have to follow one of two courses of action: deducting tax rates or raising tax rates. Tax have been an issue throughout the history of civilization. First, sovereign countries collected taxes from lands they had conquered. They had supplied necessity for fublic welfare and equipments of new wars and it went on so. In course of time, kingdoms and emperors expanded their borders to such an extend that they were not able to invade and incorporate new lands. Therefore, they initiated to increase their domestic taxes that citizens had to pay. Pressure on countrymen to related to tax stimulated people and citizens wanted to govern countries together with kings and men of kings. That desire known as Democracy contains mostly tax issue, Magna Carta agreement is exposed with this reason in the England in the beginning the 13th Century.

TO BE OR NOT TO BE

'' To be or not to be'', this familiar quotation from Shakespeare's Hamlet has repeated along years, and this exhibits a considerable issue that is a thin line between death and life. The worst is to live on the line or walk the line with more popular expression. So, leaving Martin in the 'brain dead' position would suffer him and his family either. Sometimes, living in the memories is better than agonizing in the corridor of hospitals. But, we can not blame his family about their hesitation. Martin, a father of two young children, a son of his parents, a brother of his siblings and a husband of his wife, is so precious for them. We can not easily suggest them to let him go. This issue is directly about medical, social, psychological and religious phenomenons. In my opinion, Martin's family should listen to his doctors carefully and they should comprehend medical decision which is nothing to do for him. I think, to abandon him on the line is worst decision that his family has options.

THE FACTS CAUSED WORLD WAR II

After World War I (WWI), The Allience could not handle peace order well. Because hostility didn't over. Moreover, some countries did not satisfy the ending war. Especially, traditionally competing with Germany, England and France did not want Germany to get strength again even if economical. Therefore, they made Versailles treaty harder for the other countries who tried to adjust their economies such as Germany. Having suffer as economical, German Nation reacted to England and France, this constrained situation established new political environment in Germany called Nationalizm. Nationalizm or the other called Nazism came out in the German Public that blamed foreigners especially Jewish. Jewish community controlled some economic factors like finance and jewellery in the 1930s. In Germany, with nationalism, the hostility of jewish appeared after 1930.

On the other hand, some of The Allience felt that post-war sharing was not fair. Italy wanted to more land than he gained. Italy opposed that some little islands located in Mediterranean were given to Greece. Mussolini, leader of Italy, started arming like his friend Hitler. Like Europe, the other regions of the world, conflict among nations was increasing considerably. Japan aggressively got strength military. Japan also was demanding some lands from China and Russia. The President of United States, Wilson figured out the facts and noticed peril approaching. He apprehended the conditions of ending the WWI would cause the beginning of new enourmous war. He offered a foundation that has a mission to protect the world peace. England and France did not want to found that institution since rivalry. Wilson's attempt was not able to reach a conclusion. And, the institution known League of nations was not founded. After 1931, Hitler who is leader of NAZI Party got power in Germany. Then, he and his party inititiated to implement their nationalism and racism politics. Hitler first attacked Poland, later Germany captured all Europe except England. WWII started. His nationalism lead to kill more than six millions Jewish and Gipsy. Besides, WWII caused to die millions soldier and civil people.

If the proposal offered by Wilson had been accepted, WWII would not have begun. Anyway, after WWII, this time in the light of adverse experiences, almost all countries compromised to found the United Nations.

OUTLINE CHAIN OF CAUSES

1- After World War I (WWI), The Allience could not handle peace order well.
2- Especially, traditionally competing with Germany, England and France did not want Germany to get strength again even if economical.
3- Having suffer as economical, German Nation reacted to England and France, This constrained situation established new political environment in Germany called Nationalizm.
4- On the other hand, some of The Allience feel that post-war sharing was not fair.
5- Like Europe, the other regions of the world, conflict among nations was increasing considerably.
6- The President of United States, Wilson figured out the facts and noticed peril approaching. He offer a foundation that has a mission to protect the world peace.
7- England and France did not want to found that institution since rivalry. And, League of nations was not founded.
8- After 1931, Hitler who is leader of NAZI Party got power in Germany.
9- Then, he and his party inititiated to implement their natiolalizm and racism politics.
10- Hitler first attacked Poland, later Germany captured all Eurupe except England. WWII started.